The Two Drives in Man
佚名/Anonymous
人類既具有獨立性,又具有群居性。作為一個獨立的個體,他試圖保護自己以及身邊最親近的人的生活,同時滿足自己個人的願望,發展自身的內在潛能;作為群居者,他試圖獲得其他人的認同和友愛,希望他們分享自己的快樂,安慰自己受傷的心靈,同時改善他們的生活條件。一個人的個性正是在這些複雜多變、衝突頻繁的抗爭中顯現出來的。兩者的特定結合決定了一個人維持內心平衡的程度,以及他對社會作出貢獻的大小。
遺傳很可能是決定這兩種驅動力相對強度的最主要因素。一個人最終的個性,大部分取決於他在自我發展期間所處的環境,他成長時的社會結構、所在社會的傳統,以及社會對於某種特定行為的評價。對於個人來說,“社會”這個抽象的概念,意味著他與當代人和所有上代人之間直接或間接關係的總和。個體都能獨立思考、感受、奮鬥和工作,但是,他對社會的依賴性也非常強——在他的身體、思想和情感方麵——如果他脫離了社會的結構,就不可能對自身有所思考或者了解。“社會”為人類提供了食物、衣服、家、勞動工具、語言、思維模式和大部分思考內容。正是小小的“社會”二字背後,所隱藏的過去和現在成千上萬人的勞動成就,才使人的生活成為可能。
Man is, at one and the same time, a solitary being and a social being. As a solitary being, he attempts to protect his own existence and that of those who are closest to him, to satisfy his personal desires, and to develop his innate abilities. As a social being, he seeks to gain the recognition and affection of his fellow human beings, to share in their pleasures, to comfort them in their sorrows, and to improve their conditions of life. Only the existence of these varied, frequently conflicting, strivings accounts for the special character of a man, and their specific combination determines the extent to which an individual can achieve an inner balance and can contribute to the well-being of society.